Atlantis

In the Atlantic Ocean

The location of Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean has a certain appeal given the closely related names. Popular culture often places Atlantis there, perpetuating the original Platonic setting as they understand it. The Canary Islands and Madeira Islands have been identified as a possible location,^{[85][86][87][88]} west of the Straits of Gibraltar, but in relative proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. Detailed studies of their geomorphology and geology have demonstrated, however, that they have been steadily uplifted, without any significant periods of subsidence, over the last four million years, by geologic processes such as erosional unloading, gravitational unloading, lithospheric flexure induced by adjacent islands, and volcanic underplating.^[89][90]

Various islands or island groups in the Atlantic were also identified as possible locations, notably the Azores.^[87][88] Similarly, cores of sediment covering the ocean bottom surrounding the Azores and other evidence demonstrate that it has been an undersea plateau for millions of years.^[91][92] The area is known for its volcanism however, which is associated with rifting along the Azores Triple Junction. The spread of the crust along the existing faults and fractures has produced many volcanic and seismic events.^[93] The area is supported by a buoyant upwelling in the deeper mantle, which some associate with an Azores hotspot.^[94] Most of the volcanic activity has occurred primarily along the Terceira Rift. From the beginning of the islands' settlement, around the 15th century, there have been about 30 volcanic eruptions (terrestrial and submarine) as well as numerous, powerful earthquakes.^[95] The island of São Miguel in the Azores is the site of the Sete Cidades volcano and caldera, which are the byproducts of historical volcanic activity in the Azores.^[96]

The submerged island of Spartel near the Strait of Gibraltar has also been suggested.^[97]

Ireland

In 2004, Swedish physiographist Ulf Erlingsson^[98] proposed that the legend of Atlantis was based on Stone Age Ireland. He later stated that he does not believe that Atlantis ever existed but maintained that his hypothesis that its description matches Ireland's geography has a 99.8% probability. The director of the National Museum of Ireland commented that there was no archaeology supporting this.^[99]

In Europe

Map showing hypothetical extent of Doggerland (c. 8,000 BC), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe

Several hypotheses place the sunken island in northern Europe, including Doggerland in the North Sea, and Sweden (by Olof Rudbeck in Atland, 1672–1702). Doggerland, as well as Viking Bergen Island, is thought to have been flooded by a megatsunami following the Storegga slide of c. 6100 BC. Some have proposed the Celtic Shelf as a possible location, and that there is a link to Ireland.^[100]

In 2011, a team, working on a documentary for the National Geographic Channel,^[101] led by Professor Richard Freund from the University of Hartford, claimed to have found possible evidence of Atlantis in southwestern Andalusia.^[102] The team identified its possible location within the marshlands of the Doñana National Park, in the area that once was the Lacus Ligustinus,^[103] between the Huelva, Cádiz, and Seville provinces, and they speculated that Atlantis had been destroyed by a tsunami,^[104] extrapolating results from a previous study by Spanish researchers, published four years earlier.^[105]

Spanish scientists have dismissed Freund's speculations, claiming that he sensationalised their work. The anthropologist Juan Villarías-Robles, who works with the Spanish National Research Council, said, "Richard Freund was a newcomer to our project and appeared to be involved in his own very controversial issue concerning King Solomon's search for ivory and gold in Tartessos, the well documented settlement in the Doñana area established in the first millennium BC", and described Freund's claims as "fanciful".^[106]

A similar theory had previously been put forward by a German researcher, Rainer W. Kühne, that is based only on satellite imagery and places Atlantis in the Marismas de Hinojos, north of the city of Cádiz.^[97] Before that, the historian Adolf Schulten had stated in the 1920s that Plato had used Tartessos as the basis for his Atlantis myth.^[107]

Other locations

Several writers, such as Flavio Barbiero as early as 1974,^[108] have speculated that Antarctica is the site of Atlantis.^{[109][110][page needed]} A number of claims involve the Caribbean, such as an alleged underwater formation off the Guanahacabibes peninsula in Cuba.^[111] The adjacent Bahamas or the folkloric Bermuda Triangle have been proposed as well. Areas in the Pacific and Indian Oceans have also been proposed, including Indonesia (i.e. Sundaland).^{[112][page needed]} The stories of a lost continent off the coast of India, named "Kumari Kandam", have inspired some to draw parallels to Atlantis.^{[113][page needed]}

Literary interpretations

Ancient versions

A fragment of Atlantis by Hellanicus of Lesbos

In order to give his account of Atlantis verisimilitude, Plato mentions that the story was heard by Solon in Egypt, and transmitted orally over several generations through the family of Dropides, until it reached Critias, a dialogue speaker in Timaeus and Critias.^[114] Solon had supposedly tried to adapt the Atlantis oral tradition into a poem (that if published, was to be greater than the works of Hesiod and Homer). While it was never completed, Solon passed on the story to Dropides. Modern classicists deny the existence of Solon's Atlantis poem and the story as an oral tradition.^[115] Instead, Plato is thought to be the sole inventor or fabricator. Hellanicus of Lesbos used the word "Atlantis" as the title for a poem published before Plato,^[116] a fragment of which may be Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 11, 1359.^[117] This work only describes the Atlantides (the daughters of Atlas), however, and has no relation to Plato's Atlantis account.

In the new era, the third century AD Neoplatonist Zoticus wrote an epic poem based on Plato's account of Atlantis.^[118] Plato's work may already have inspired parodic imitation, however. Writing only a few decades after the Timaeus and Critias, the historian Theopompus of Chios wrote of a land beyond the ocean known as Meropis. This description was included in Book 8 of his Philippica, which contains a dialogue between Silenus and King Midas. Silenus describes the Meropids, a race of men who grow to twice normal size, and inhabit two cities on the island of Meropis: Eusebes (Εὐσεβής, "Pious-town") and Machimos (Μάχιμος, "Fighting-town"). He also reports that an army of ten million soldiers crossed the ocean to conquer Hyperborea, but abandoned this proposal when they realized that the Hyperboreans were the luckiest people on earth. Heinz-Günther Nesselrath has argued that these and other details of Silenus' story are meant as imitation and exaggeration of the Atlantis story, by parody, for the purpose of exposing Plato's ideas to ridicule.^[119]

Utopias and dystopias

The creation of Utopian and dystopian fictions was renewed after the Renaissance, most notably in Francis Bacon's New Atlantis (1627), the description of an ideal society that he located off the western coast of America. Thomas Heyrick (1649-1694) followed him with "The New Atlantis" (1687), a satirical poem in three parts. His new continent of uncertain location, perhaps even a floating island either in the sea or the sky, serves as background for his exposure of what he described in a second edition as "A True Character of Popery and Jesuitism".^[120]

The title of The New Atalantis by Delarivier Manley (1709), distinguished from the two others by the single letter, is an equally dystopian work but set this time on a fictional Mediterranean island.^[121] In it sexual violence and exploitation is made a metaphor for the hypocritical behaviour of politicians in their dealings with the general public.^[122] In Manley's case, the target of satire was the Whig Party, while in David Maclean Parry's The Scarlet Empire (1906) it is Socialism as practised in foundered Atlantis.^[123] It was followed in Russia by Velemir Khlebnikov's poem The Fall of Atlantis (Gibel' Atlantidy, 1912), which is set in a future rationalist dystopia that has discovered the secret of immortality and is so dedicated to progress that it has lost touch with the past. When the high priest of this ideology is tempted by a slave girl into an act of irrationality, he murders her and precipitates a second flood, above which her severed head floats vengefully among the stars.^[124]

A slightly later work, The Ancient of Atlantis (Boston, 1915) by Albert Armstrong Manship, expounds the Atlantean wisdom that is to redeem the earth. Its three parts consist of a verse narrative of the life and training of an Atlantean wise one, followed by his Utopian moral teachings and then a psychic drama set in modern times in which a reincarnated child embodying the lost wisdom is reborn on earth.^[125]

In Hispanic eyes, Atlantis had a more intimate interpretation. The land had been a colonial power which, although it had brought civilization to ancient Europe, had also enslaved its peoples. Its tyrannical fall from grace had contributed to the fate that had overtaken it, but now its disappearance had unbalanced the world. This was the point of view of Jacint Verdaguer's vast mythological epic L'Atlantida (1877). After the sinking of the former continent, Hercules travels east across the Atlantic to found the city of Barcelona and then departs westward again to the Hesperides. The story is told by a hermit to a shipwrecked mariner, who is inspired to follow in his tracks and so "call the New World into existence to redress the balance of the Old". This mariner, of course, was Christopher Columbus.^[126]

Verdaguer's poem was written in Catalan, but was widely translated in both Europe and Hispano-America.^[127] One response was the similarly entitled Argentinian Atlantida of Olegario Victor Andrade (1881), which sees in "Enchanted Atlantis that Plato foresaw, a golden promise to the fruitful race" of Latins.^[128] The bad example of the colonising world remains, however. Jose Juan Tablada characterises its threat in his "De Atlántida" (1894) through the beguiling picture of the lost world populated by the underwater creatures of Classical myth, among whom is the Siren of its final stanza with

her eye on the keel of the wandering vessel

that in passing deflowers the sea's smooth mirror,

launching into the night her amorous warbling

and the dulcet lullaby of her treacherous voice!^[129]

There is a similar ambivalence in Janus Djurhuus' six-stanza "Atlantis" (1917), where a celebration of the Faroese linguistic revival grants it an ancient pedigree by linking Greek to Norse legend. In the poem a female figure rising from the sea against a background of Classical palaces is recognised as a priestess of Atlantis. The poet recalls "that the Faroes lie there in the north Atlantic Ocean/ where before lay the poet-dreamt lands," but also that in Norse belief, such a figure only appears to those about to drown.^[130]

A land lost in the distance

A Faroe Islands postage stamp honoring Janus Djurhuus' "Atlantis"

The fact that Atlantis is a lost land has made of it a metaphor for something no longer attainable. For the American poet Edith Willis Linn Forbes (1865-1945), "The Lost Atlantis" stands for idealisation of the past; the present moment can only be treasured once that is realised.^[131] Ella Wheeler Wilcox finds the location of "The Lost Land" (1910) in one's carefree youthful past.^[132] Similarly, for the Irish poet Eavan Boland in "Atlantis, a lost sonnet" (2007), the idea was defined when "the old fable-makers searched hard for a word/ to convey that what is gone is gone forever".^[133]

For some male poets too, the idea of Atlantis is constructed from what cannot be obtained. Charles Bewley in his Newdigate Prize poem (1910) thinks it grows from dissatisfaction with one's condition,

And, because life is partly sweet

And ever girt about with pain,

We take the sweetness, and are fain

To set it free from grief's alloy

in a dream of Atlantis.^[134] Similarly for the Australian Gary Catalano in a 1982 prose poem, it is "a vision that sank under the weight of its own perfection".^[135] W. H. Auden, however, suggests a way out of such frustration through the metaphor of journeying toward Atlantis in his poem of 1941.^[136] While travelling, he advises the one setting out, you will meet with many definitions of the goal in view, only realising at the end that the way has all the time led inward.^[137]

Epic narratives

A few late-19th century verse narratives complement the genre fiction that was beginning to be written at the same period. Two of them report the disaster that overtook the continent as related by long-lived survivors. In Frederick Tennyson's Atlantis (1888), an ancient Greek mariner sails west and discovers an inhabited island which is all that remains of the former kingdom. He learns of its end and views the shattered remnant of its former glory, from which a few had escaped to set up the Mediterranean civilisations.^[138] In the second, Mona, Queen of Lost Atlantis: An Idyllic Re-embodiment of Long Forgotten History (Los Angeles CA 1925) by James Logue Dryden (1840–1925), the story is told in a series of visions. A Seer is taken to Mona's burial chamber in the ruins of Atlantis, where she revives and describes the catastrophe. There follows a survey of the lost civilisations of Hyperborea and Lemuria as well as Atlantis, accompanied by much spiritualist lore.^[139]

William Walton Hoskins (1856–1919) admits to the readers of his Atlantis and other poems (Cleveland OH, 1881), that he is only 24. Its melodramatic plot concerns the poisoning of the descendant of god-born kings. The usurping poisoner is poisoned in his turn, following which the continent is swallowed in the waves.^[140] Asian gods people the landscape of The Lost Island (Ottawa 1889) by Edward Taylor Fletcher (1816–97). An angel foresees impending catastrophe and that the people will be allowed to escape if their semi-divine rulers will sacrifice themselves.^[141] A final example, Edward N. Beecher's The Lost Atlantis or The Great Deluge of All (Cleveland OH, 1898) is just a doggerel vehicle for its author's opinions: that the continent was the location of the Garden of Eden; that Darwin's theory of evolution is correct, as are Donnelly's views.^[142]

Atlantis was to become a theme in Russia following the 1890s, taken up in unfinished poems by Valery Bryusov and Konstantin Balmont, as well as in a drama by the schoolgirl Larisa Reisner.^[143] One other long narrative poem was published in New York by George V. Golokhvastoff. His 250-page The Fall of Atlantis (1938) records how a high priest, distressed by the prevailing degeneracy of the ruling classes, seeks to create an androgynous being from royal twins as a means to overcome this polarity. When he is unable to control the forces unleashed by his occult ceremony, the continent is destroyed.^[144]

Artistic representations

Music

For popular music, see Atlantis in popular culture.

The Spanish composer Manuel de Falla worked on a dramatic cantata based on Verdaguer's L'Atlántida, during the last 20 years of his life.^[145] The name has been affixed to symphonies by Janis Ivanovs (1941),^[146] Richard Nanes,^[147] and Vaclav Buzek (2009).^[148] There was also the symphonic celebration of Alan Hovhaness: "Fanfare for the New Atlantis" (Op. 281, 1975).^[149]

The Bohemian-American composer and arranger Vincent Frank Safranek wrote Atlantis (The Lost Continent) Suite in Four Parts; I. Nocturne and Morning Hymn of Praise, II. A Court Function, III. "I Love Thee" (The Prince and Aana), IV. The Destruction of Atlantis, for military (concert) band in 1913.^[150]

The opera Der Kaiser von Atlantis (The Emperor of Atlantis) was written in 1943 by Viktor Ullmann with a libretto by Peter Kien, while they were both inmates at the Nazi concentration camp of Theresienstadt. The Nazis did not allow it to be performed, assuming the opera's reference to an Emperor of Atlantis to be a satire on Hitler. Though Ullmann and Kiel were murdered in Auschwitz, the manuscript survived and was performed for the first time in 1975 in Amsterdam.^{[151][152][153]}

Painting and sculpture

François de Nomé's The Fall of Atlantis

Nicholas Roerich's The Last of Atlantis

Léon Bakst's vision of cosmic catastrophe

Paintings of the submersion of Atlantis are comparatively rare. In the seventeenth century there was François de Nomé's The Fall of Atlantis, which shows a tidal wave surging toward a Baroque city frontage. The style of architecture apart, it is not very different from Nicholas Roerich's The Last of Atlantis of 1928.

The most dramatic depiction of the catastrophe was Léon Bakst's Ancient Terror (Terror Antiquus, 1908), although it does not name Atlantis directly. It is a mountain-top view of a rocky bay breached by the sea, which is washing inland about the tall structures of an ancient city. A streak of lightning crosses the upper half of the painting, while below it rises the impassive figure of an enigmatic goddess who holds a blue dove between her breasts. Vyacheslav Ivanov identified the subject as Atlantis in a public lecture on the painting given in 1909, the year it was first exhibited, and he has been followed by other commentators in the years since.^[154]

Sculptures referencing Atlantis have often been stylized single figures. One of the earliest was Einar Jónsson's The King of Atlantis (1919–1922), now in the garden of his museum in Reykjavík. It represents a single figure, clad in a belted skirt and wearing a large triangular helmet, who sits on an ornate throne supported between two young bulls.^[155] The walking female entitled Atlantis (1946) by Ivan Meštrović^[156] was from a series inspired by ancient Greek figures^[157] with the symbolical meaning of unjustified suffering.^[158]

In the case of the Brussels fountain feature known as The Man of Atlantis (2003) by the Belgian sculptor Luk van Soom [nl], the 4-metre tall figure wearing a diving suit steps from a plinth into the spray.^[159] It looks light-hearted but the artist's comment on it makes a serious point: "Because habitable land will be scarce, it is no longer improbable that we will return to the water in the long term. As a result, a portion of the population will mutate into fish-like creatures. Global warming and rising water levels are practical problems for the world in general and here in the Netherlands in particular".^[160]

Robert Smithson's Hypothetical Continent (Map of broken clear glass, Atlantis) was first created as a photographical project on Loveladies Island NJ in 1969,^[161] and then recreated as a gallery installation of broken glass.^[162] On this he commented that he liked "landscapes that suggest prehistory", and this is borne out by the original conceptual drawing of the work that includes an inset map of the continent sited off the coast of Africa and at the straits into the Mediterranean.^[163]

See also

• Atlantis in comics
• List of mythological places
• Antillia
• Avalon
• Brasil (mythical island)
• Brittia
• Cantre'r Gwaelod
• Iram of the Pillars
• Lemuria (continent)
• Mayda
• Mu (lost continent)
• Mythical place
• Numenor
• Saint Brendan's Island
• Sandy Island, New Caledonia
• Thule
• Ys

Underwater geography:

• Yonaguni Monument
• Bimini Road

General:

• Doggerland
• Lost lands
• Kumari Kandam
• Minoan eruption

Notes

1. ^ Hale, John R. (2009). Lords of the Sea: The Epic Story of the Athenian Navy and the Birth of Democracy. New York: Penguin. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-670-02080-5. Plato also wrote the myth of Atlantis as an allegory of the archetypal thalassocracy or naval power.
2. ^ Plato's contemporaries pictured the world as consisting of only Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia (see the map of Hecataeus of Miletus). Atlantis, according to Plato, had conquered all Western parts of the known world, making it the literary counter-image of Persia. See Welliver, Warman (1977). Character, Plot and Thought in Plato's Timaeus-Critias. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 42. ISBN 978-90-04-04870-6.
3. ^ Hackforth, R. (1944). "The Story of Atlantis: Its Purpose and Its Moral". Classical Review. 58 (1): 7–9. doi:10.1017/s0009840x00089356. JSTOR 701961.
4. ^ David, Ephraim (1984). "The Problem of Representing Plato's Ideal State in Action". Riv. Fil. 112: 33–53.
5. ^ Mumford, Lewis (1965). "Utopia, the City and the Machine". Daedalus. 94 (2): 271–292. JSTOR 20026910.
6. ^ Hartmann, Anna-Maria (2015). "The Strange Antiquity of Francis Bacon's New Atlantis". Renaissance Studies. 29 (3): 375–393. doi:10.1111/rest.12084.
7. ^ The frame story in Critias tells about an alleged visit of the Athenian lawmaker Solon (c. 638 BC – 558 BC) to Egypt, where he was told the Atlantis story that supposedly occurred 9,000 years before his time.
8. ^ Feder, Kenneth (2011). "Lost: One Continent - Reward". Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology (Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 141–164. ISBN 978-0-07-811697-1.
9. ^ Clay, Diskin (2000). "The Invention of Atlantis: The Anatomy of a Fiction". In Cleary, John J.; Gurtler, Gary M. (eds.). Proceedings of the Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy. 15. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1–21. ISBN 978-90-04-11704-4.
10. ^ "As Smith discusses in the opening article in this theme issue, the lost island-continent was – in all likelihood – entirely Plato's invention for the purposes of illustrating arguments around Grecian polity. Archaeologists broadly agree with the view that Atlantis is quite simply 'utopia' (Doumas, 2007), a stance also taken by classical philologists, who interpret Atlantis as a metaphorical rather than an actual place (Broadie, 2013; Gill, 1979; Nesselrath, 2002). One might consider the question as being already reasonably solved but despite the general expert consensus on the matter, countless attempts have been made at finding Atlantis." (Dawson & Hayward, 2016)
11. ^ Laird, A. (2001). "Ringing the Changes on Gyges: Philosophy and the Formation of Fiction in Plato's Republic". Journal of Hellenic Studies. 121: 12–29. doi:10.2307/631825. JSTOR 631825. S2CID 170951759.
12. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c} Luce, John V. (1978). "The Literary Perspective". In Ramage, Edwin S. (ed.). Atlantis, Fact or Fiction?. Indiana University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-253-10482-3.
13. ^ Griffiths, J. Gwyn (1985). "Atlantis and Egypt". Historia. 34 (1): 3–28. JSTOR 4435908.
14. ^ Görgemanns, Herwig (2000). "Wahrheit und Fiktion in Platons Atlantis-Erzählung". Hermes. 128 (4): 405–419. JSTOR 4477385.
15. ^ Zangger, Eberhard (1993). "Plato's Atlantis Account – A Distorted Recollection of the Trojan War". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 12 (1): 77–87. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.1993.tb00283.x.
16. ^ Gill, Christopher (1979). "Plato's Atlantis Story and the Birth of Fiction". Philosophy and Literature. 3 (1): 64–78. doi:10.1353/phl.1979.0005. S2CID 170851163.
17. ^ Naddaf, Gerard (1994). "The Atlantis Myth: An Introduction to Plato's Later Philosophy of History". Phoenix. 48 (3): 189–209. doi:10.2307/3693746. JSTOR 3693746.
18. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Morgan, K. A. (1998). "Designer History: Plato's Atlantis Story and Fourth-Century Ideology". Journal of Hellenic Studies. 118 (1): 101–118. doi:10.2307/632233. JSTOR 632233.
19. ^ Plato's Timaeus is usually dated 360 BC; it was followed by his Critias.
20. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c} Ley, Willy (June 1967). "Another Look at Atlantis". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 74–84.
21. ^ Plato. "Timaeus". Translated by R. G. Bury. Loeb Classical Library. Section 24e-25a.
22. ^ "Atlantis—Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com.
23. ^ Also it has been interpreted that Plato or someone before him in the chain of the oral or written tradition of the report, accidentally changed the very similar Greek words for "bigger than" ("meson") and "between" ("mezon") – Luce, J.V. (1969). The End of Atlantis – New Light on an Old Legend. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 224.
24. ^ The name is a back-formation from Gades, the Greek name for Cadiz.
25. ^ Plato (360 BCE). "Timaeus". Translated by Benjamin Jowett. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
26. ^ Castleden 2001, p. 164
27. ^ Castleden 2001, pp. 156–158.
28. ^ Rudberg, G. (1917/2012). Atlantis och Syrakusai, 1917; English: Atlantis and Syracuse, 2012. ISBN 978-3-8482-2822-5
29. ^ Nesselrath, HG (2005). 'Where the Lord of the Sea Grants Passage to Sailors through the Deep-blue Mere no More: The Greeks and the Western Seas', Greece & Rome, vol. 52, pp. 153–171 [pp. 161–171].
30. ^ Plato. "Timaeus" (in Ancient Greek). Section 24a. τὰ γράμματα λαβόντες
31. ^ Cameron 2002^{[full citation needed]}
32. ^ Castleden 2001, p,168
33. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Cameron, Alan (1983). "Crantor and Posidonius on Atlantis". The Classical Quarterly. New Series. 33 (1): 81–91. doi:10.1017/S0009838800034315.
34. ^ Muck, Otto Heinrich, The Secret of Atlantis, Translation by Fred Bradley of Alles über Atlantis (Econ Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf-Wien, 1976), Times Books, a division of Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., Inc., Three Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016, 1978. ISBN 978-0-671-82392-4
35. ^ Proclus, Commentary on Plato's Timaeus, p. 117.10–30 (=FGrHist 671 F 1), trans. Taylor, Nesselrath.
36. ^ Strabo 2.3.6
37. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Davis, J.L. and Cherry, J.F., (1990) "Spatial and temporal uniformitarianism in LCI: Perspectives from Kea and Melos on the prehistory of Akrotiri" in Hardy, D.A and Renfrew, A.C. (Eds)(1990) "Thera and the Aegean World III, Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Santorini, Greece, 3–9 September 1989" (Thera Foundation)
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39. ^ Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith. Lost Continents: Atlantis.
40. ^ [1] Bibliotheca historica – Diodorus Siculus 4.56.4: "And the writers even offer proofs of these things, pointing out that the Celts who dwell along the ocean venerate the Dioscori above any of the gods, since they have a tradition handed down from ancient times that these gods appeared among them coming from the ocean. Moreover, the country which skirts the ocean bears, they say, not a few names which are derived from the Argonauts and the Dioscori."
41. ^ T. Franke, Aristotle and Atlantis, 2012; pp. 131–133
42. ^ "Philo: On the Eternity of the World". Earlychristianwritings.com. 2 February 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
43. ^ Lightfoot, translator, The Apostolic Fathers, II, 1885, p. 84, Edited & Revised by Michael W. Holmes, 1989.
44. ^ De Camp, LS (1954). Lost Continents: The Atlantis Theme in History, Science, and Literature. New York: Gnome Press, p. 307. ISBN 978-0-486-22668-2
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47. ^ Cosmas Indicopleustes (24 June 2010). The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-01295-9.
48. ^ Roger Pearse. "Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 374–385. Book 12". Tertullian.org. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
49. ^ Donnelly, I (1882). Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, New York: Harper & Bros. Retrieved 6 November 2001, from Project Gutenberg page 295.
50. ^ Feder, KL. Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology, Mountain View, Mayfield 1999. ISBN 978-0-07-811697-1
51. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c} Hoopes, John W. (2011). "Mayanism Comes of (New) Age". In Joseph Gelfer (ed.). 2012: Decoding the Counterculture Apocalypse. London: Equinox Publishing. pp. 38–59. ISBN 978-1-84553-639-8.
52. ^ Ortelius, Abraham (1596). "Gadiricus". Thesaurus Geographicus. Antwerp: Plantin. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
53. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c d} Callahan, Tim, Friedhoffer, Bob, and Pat Linse (2001). "The Search for Atlantis!". Skeptic. 8 (4): 96. ISSN 1063-9330.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
54. ^ Hoopes, John W. (2011). "Mayanism Comes of (New) Age". In Joseph Gelfer (ed.). 2012: Decoding the Counterculture Apocalypse. London: Equinox Publishing. pp. 38–59 [p. 46]. ISBN 978-1-84553-639-8.
55. ^ Evans, R. Tripp (2004). Romancing the Maya: Mexican Antiquity in the American Imagination, 1820–1915. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-292-70247-9.
56. ^ Evans, R. Tripp (2004). Romancing the Maya: Mexican Antiquity in the American Imagination, 1820–1915. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 141–6. ISBN 978-0-292-70247-9.
57. ^ Brunhouse, Robert L. (1973). In Search of the Maya: The First Archaeologists. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8263-0276-2.
58. ^ Donnelly 1941: 192-203
59. ^ Williams, Stephen (1991). Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 137–8. ISBN 978-0-8122-8238-2.
60. ^ Jordan, Paul (2006). "Esoteric Egypt". In Garrett G. Fagan. Archaeological Fantasies. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 23–46. ISBN 978-0-415-30593-8
61. ^ "Esoteric Orders and Their Work" (PDF).
62. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Edelstein, Dan (2006). "Hyperborean Atlantis: Jean-Sylvain Bailly, Madame Blavatsky, and the Nazi Myth". Studies in Eighteenth-century Culture. 35: 267–291 [p. 268]. doi:10.1353/sec.2010.0055. ISSN 0360-2370. S2CID 144152893.
63. ^ Ratner., Paul (26 November 2018). "Why the Nazis were obsessed with finding the lost city of Atlantis".
64. ^ Powell, The Solar System, p. 25-26. (Ch. 36. "The second Atlantean sub-race: the Tlavatli".)
65. ^ Powell, The Solar System, p. 252-263. (Ch. 39. "Ancient Peru: A Toltec remnant".)
66. ^ "Root races". Uranian Wisdom. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
67. ^ Joscelyn Godwin, Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival, Kempton ILL 1996, p. 37-78.
68. ^ Alfred Rosenberg. "Excerpts from "The Myth of the Twentieth Century"". Retrieved 28 June 2019.
69. ^ "The Theosophical Root Races". Kepher. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
70. ^ See Tillett, Gregory John Charles Webster Leadbeater (1854-1934), a biographical study. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Sydney, Department of Religious Studies, Sydney, 1986 – p. 985 Archived 30 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
71. ^ Cayce, Edgar Evans (1968). Edgar Cayce on Atlantis. New York and Boston: Grand Central Publishing. pp. 27–8. ISBN 978-0-446-35102-7.
72. ^ Runnels, Curtis; Murray, Priscilla (2004). Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide. Stanford: Stanford UP. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8047-4036-4. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
73. ^ J. Annas, Plato: A Very Short Introduction (OUP 2003), p. 42 (emphasis not in the original)
74. ^ Timaeus 25e, Jowett translation.
75. ^ Feder, KL. Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology, Mountain View, Mayfield 1999, p. 164 ISBN 978-0-07-811697-1
76. ^ Collina-Girard, Jacques, L'Atlantide retrouvée: enquête scientifique autour d'un mythe (Paris: Belin – pour la science, 2009).
77. ^ Valente Poddighe, Paolo. Atlantide Sardegna: Isola dei Faraoni (Atlantis Sardinia: Island of the Pharaohs). Stampacolor
78. ^ Frau, Sergio. Le Colonne d'Ercole. Un'inchiesta. La prima geografia. Tutt'altra storia. Nur Neon 2002
79. ^ Was Sardinia home to the mythical civilisation of Atlantis? - The Guardian
80. ^ Zangger, Eberhard, The Flood from Heaven: Deciphering the Atlantis legend, New York: William Morrow and Company, 1993
81. ^ James, Peter; Thorpe, Nick (1999). Ancient Mysteries. New York City, New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 16–41. ISBN 978-0-345-43488-3.
82. ^ "Plato's Atlantis in South Morocco?". Asalas.org.
83. ^ The wave that destroyed Atlantis Harvey Lilley, BBC News Online, 20 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
84. ^ Bruins, Hendrik J.; et al. (2008). "Geoarchaeological tsunami deposits at Palaikastro (Crete) and the Late Minoan IA eruption of Santorini" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (1): 191–212. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.08.017. hdl:11370/01bb92b9-dc59-47b2-bac7-63ad80afb745.
85. ^ Afonso, Leoncio (1980). "El mito de la Atlántida". Geografía física de Canarias: Geografía de Canarias (in Spanish). Editorial Interinsular Canaria. p. 11. ISBN 978-84-85543-15-1.
86. ^ Rodríguez Hernández, María Jesús (2011). Imágenes de Canarias 1764–1927. Historia y ciencia (in Spanish). Fundación Canaria Orotava. p. 38. ISBN 978-84-614-5110-4.
87. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Sweeney, Emmet (2010). Atlantis: The Evidence of Science. Algora Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-87586-771-7.
88. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (2005). L'Atlantide: Petite histoire d'un mythe platonicien (in French). Belles Lettres. p. 92. ISBN 978-2-251-38071-1.
89. ^ Menendez, I., P.G. Silva, M. Martín-Betancor, F.J. Perez-Torrado, H. Guillou, and S. Scaillet, 2009, Fluvial dissection, isostatic uplift, and geomorphological evolution of volcanic islands (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain) Geomorphology. v. 102, no.1, pp. 189–202.
90. ^ Meco J., S. Scaillet, H. Guillou, A. Lomoschitz, J.C. Carracedo, J. Ballester, J.-F. Betancort, and A. Cilleros, 2007, Evidence for long-term uplift on the Canary Islands from emergent Mio–Pliocene littoral deposits. Global and Planetary Change. v. 57, no. 3-4, pp. 222–234.
91. ^ Huang, T.C., N.D. Watkins, and L. Wilson, 1979, Deep-sea tephra from the Azores during the past 300,000 years: eruptive cloud height and ash volume estimates. Geological Society of America Bulletin. vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 131–133.
92. ^ Dennielou, B. G.A. Auffret, A. Boelaert, T. Richter, T. Garlan, and R. Kerbrat, 1999, Control of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Gulf Stream over Quaternary sedimentation on the Azores Plateau. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II. Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes. v. 328, no. 12, pp. 831–837.,
93. ^ Ferreira, 2005, p. 4
94. ^ Ting Yang, et al., 2006, p. 20
95. ^ Carlos S. OLIVEIRA, Ragnar SIGBJÖRNSSON, Simon ÓLAFSSON (1–6 August 2004). "A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON STRONG GROUND MOTION IN TWO VOLCANIC ENVIRONMENTS: AZORES AND ICELAND" (PDF). 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
96. ^ G. Queiroz, J. L. Gaspar, J. E. Guest, A. Gomes and M. H. Almeida (16 September 2015). "Eruptive history and evolution of Sete Cidades Volcano, São Miguel Island, Azores". Geological Society of London.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
97. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Kühne, Rainer W. (June 2004). "A location for Atlantis?". Antiquity. 78 (300). ISSN 0003-598X. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
98. ^ Erlingsson, Ulf (1 October 2007). "A geographic comparison of Plato's Atlantis and Ireland as a test of the megalithic culture hypothesis". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
99. ^ "Swedish academic plays down Atlantis claims". The Irish Times. 19 August 2004. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
100. ^ Lovgren, Stefan (19 August 2004). "Atlantis "Evidence" Found in Spain and Ireland". National Geographic.
101. ^ "Finding Atlantis". National Geographic Channel. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011.
102. ^ Howard, Zach (12 March 2011). "Lost city of Atlantis, swamped by tsunami, may be found". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
103. ^ Ivar Lissner (1962). The Silent Past: Mysterious and forgotten cultures of the world. Putnam. p. 156.
104. ^ Zoe Fox (14 March 2011). "Science Lost No Longer? Researchers Claim to Have Found 'Atlantis' in Spain". Time. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
105. ^ Francisco Ruiz; Manuel Abad; et al. (2008). "The Geological Record of the Oldest Historical Tsunamis in Southwestern Spain" (PDF). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 114 (1): 145–154. ISSN 0035-6883. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2012.
106. ^ Owen, Edward (14 March 2011). "Lost city of Atlantis 'buried in Spanish wetlands'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
107. ^ Schulten, Adof (1927). "Tartessos und Atlantis". Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen (in German). 73: 284–288.
108. ^ Polidoro, Massimo (November–December 2020). "Atlantis under Ice? Part 1". Skeptical Inquirer. Amherst, New York: Center for Inquiry. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
109. ^ The Atlantis Blueprint: Unlocking the Ancient Mysteries of a Long-Lost Civilization. Delta; Reprint edition. 28 May 2002. ISBN 978-0-440-50898-4.
110. ^ Earth's shifting crust: A key to some basic problems of earth science. Pantheon Books. 1958. ASIN B0006AVEEU.
111. ^ Ballingrud, David (17 November 2002). "Underwater world: Man's doing or nature's?". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
112. ^ Atlantis – The Lost Continent Finally Found Santos, Arysio; Atlantis Publications, August 2005, ISBN 0-9769550-0-8.
113. ^ Ramaswamy, Sumathi (2005). The lost land of Lemuria: fabulous geographies, catastrophic histories. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24440-5.
114. ^ Smith, O. D. (2016). "The Atlantis Story: An Authentic Oral Tradition?". Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures. 10(2): 10-17.
115. ^ Mauro Tulli, "The Atlantis poem in the Timaeus-Critias", in The Platonic Art of Philosophy, Cambridge University 2013, pp. 269–282
116. ^ "The following papyrus, 1359, which Grenfell and Hunt identified as also from the Catalogue, is regarded by C. Robert as part of a separate epic, which he calls Atlantis." Bell, H. Idris, "Bibliography: Graeco-Roman Egypt A. Papyri (1915-1919)", The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Apr., 1920), pp. 119–146.
117. ^ P.Oxy. 1359. See Carl Robert (1917): Eine epische Atlantias, Hermes, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Jul., 1917), pp. 477–79.
118. ^ Porphyry, Life of Plotinus, 7=35.
119. ^ Nesselrath, HG (1998). 'Theopomps Meropis und Platon: Nachahmung und Parodie', Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaft, vol. 1, pp. 1–8.
120. ^ University of Michigan
121. ^ Archived online
122. ^ Nováková, Soňa, pp. 121–6 "Sex and Politics: Delarivier Manley's New Atalantis"
123. ^ Online edition
124. ^ Boris Thomson, Lot's Wife and the Venus of Milo: Conflicting Attitudes to the Cultural Heritage in Modern Russia, Cambridge University 1978, pp. 77–8
125. ^ Archived online
126. ^ Robert Hughes, Barcelona, London 1992, pp. 341–3
127. ^ Isidor Cònsul, "The translations of Verdaguer
128. ^ Obras Poeticas, pp. 151–166; there is a translation of canto 8 by Elijah Clarence Hills
129. ^ Latin American Anthology, p. 1
130. ^ Joensen, Leyvoy (2002). "Atlantis, Bábylon, Tórshavn: The Djurhuus Brothers and William Heinesen in Faroese Literary History". Scandinavian Studies. 74 (2): 181–204 [esp. 192–4]. JSTOR 40920372.
131. ^ Black Cat poems
132. ^ Litscape
133. ^ Poets.org
134. ^ Google Books p. 11
135. ^ Gary Catalano, Heaven of Rags, Sydney 1982, Australian Poetry Library
136. ^ Poem Hunter
137. ^ Bonnie Costello, "Setting out for Atlantis", from Auden at Work, Palgrave Macmillan 2015, pp. 133–53
138. ^ In two parts at Black Cat Poems; part 1 and part 2
139. ^ Google Books
140. ^ Archived online, pp. 7–127
141. ^ Archived online
142. ^ Hathi Trust
143. ^ Pichler, Madeleine (2013). Atlantis als Motiv in der russischen Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts (PDF) (M.A. thesis). Vienna University. pp. 27–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2016.
144. ^ Pichler, pp. 37–40.
145. ^ There is a performance on YouTube
146. ^ Symphony 4, of which there is a performance on YouTube
147. ^ Symphony 1, "Atlantis, the sunken city", recorded by the London Philharmonic Orchestra during the 1990s
148. ^ A performance on YouTube
149. ^ Presto Classical
150. ^ The Heritage Encyclopedia of Band Music by William H. Rehrig, ed. by Paul Bierley. Westerville OH: Integrity Press, 1991. vol. 2, pp. 655–656
151. ^ Beaumont, Antony (2001), in Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-140-29312-4
152. ^ Karas, Joža (1990). Music in Terezín, 1941–1945. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press.
153. ^ Unknown author (26 April 1977), "From the archive: Death takes a holiday", The Guardian (London), 26 April 1977; reprinted on 26 April 2014
154. ^ Davidson, Pamela (2009). "Cultural Memory and Survival: The Russian Renaissance of Classical Antiquity in the Twentieth Century". Studies in Russia and Eastern Europe. 6. London, UK: School of Slavonic and East European Studies, UCL: 5–15. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
155. ^ Flicker
156. ^ View online
157. ^ Meštrović, Matthew, "Meštrović's American Experience", Journal of Croatian Studies, XXIV, 1983
158. ^ Meštrović Gallery
159. ^ Brussels Pictures
160. ^ Kunstbus article quoting "Luk van Soom"
161. ^ Artist's site
162. ^ Dia Beacon Gallery
163. ^ Artist's site

Further reading

• Media related to Atlantis at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of atlantis at Wiktionary

Ancient sources

• Plato, Timaeus, translated by Benjamin Jowett at Project Gutenberg; alternative version with commentary.
• Plato, Critias, translated by Benjamin Jowett at Project Gutenberg; alternative version with commentary.

Modern sources

• Calvo, T., ed. (1997). Interpreting the Timaeus-Critias, Proceedings of the IV. Symposium Platonicum in Granada September 1995. Academia St. Augustin. ISBN 978-3-89665-004-7.
• Castleden, Rodney (2001). Atlantis Destroyed. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-24759-7.
• Forsyth, P. Y. (1980). Atlantis: The Making of Myth. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-0355-7.
• Gill, C. (1980). Plato, The Atlantis Story: Timaeus 17-27 Critias. Bristol Classical Press. ISBN 978-0-906515-59-4.
• Jordan, P. (1994). The Atlantis Syndrome. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-3518-0.
• Ramage, E. S., ed. (1978). Atlantis: Fact or Fiction?. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-10482-3.
• Vidal-Naquet, Pierre (2007). The Atlantis Story: A Short History of Plato's Myth. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 978-0-85989-805-8.

show v t e Plato
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Legacy	Unwritten doctrines Cultural influence of Plato's Republic Neoplatonism and Gnosticism Platonism in the Renaissance
Works	Apology Charmides Clitophon Cratylus Critias Crito Euthydemus Euthyphro First Alcibiades Gorgias Hippias Major Hippias Minor Ion Laches Laws Lysis Menexenus Meno Parmenides Phaedo Phaedrus Philebus Protagoras Republic Sophist Statesman Symposium Theaetetus Timaeus Of doubtful authenticity Axiochus Definitions Demodocus Epigrams Epinomis Epistles Letter I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII Eryxias Halcyon Hipparchus Minos On Justice On Virtue Rival Lovers Second Alcibiades Sisyphus Theages
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Related	Commentaries The Academy in Athens Socratic problem Middle Platonism Neoplatonism and Christianity Plato's Dream Poitier Meets Plato Oxyrhynchus Papyri 23 228 229 List of speakers in Plato's dialogues List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues

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Rites and practices	Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Baptes Cult image Xoanon Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Funeral oration Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Hymns Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Kanephoros Kykeon Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Oneiromancy Orgia Prayers Sacrifices Temenos Thyia Temples Votive offerings
Sacred places	Oracles, Necromanteion Amphiareion of Oropos Aornum Claros Delphi Didyma Dodona Necromanteion of Acheron Oracle of Apollo Thyrxeus at Cyaneae Oracle of Artemis at Ikaros island Oracle of Menestheus Sanctuary of the Great Gods Tegyra Mountain Cretea Mount Ida (Crete) Mount Ida (Turkey) Mount Lykaion Olympus Caves Cave of Zeus, Aydın Cave of Zeus, Crete Psychro Cave Vari Cave Islands Achilles island Delos Diomedes island Athenian sacred ships Paralus Salaminia Others Eleusis Hiera Orgas Kanathos Olympia Sacred Way
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Heroes / heroines	Abderus Achilles Actaeon Aeneas Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri (Castor and Polydeuces) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus
Oracles / seers	Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Delphic Sibyl Elatus Ennomus Epimenides Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias
Magic	Alchemy Apotropaic magic Greek Magical Papyri Pella curse tablet Philia
Mythical	Beings Dragons in Greek mythology Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus-eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Places/Realms Aethiopia Atlantis Erytheia Hyperborea Libya Nysa Ogygia Panchaia Scheria Scythia Tartessos Themiscyra
Mythological	Wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Cranes-Pygmies war Gigantomachy Indian War Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Religious Objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon's teeth Diipetes Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan seals Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora's box Petasos (Winged helmet) Philosopher's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Wheel of fire Xoanon Powers Divination Eidolon Eternal youth Evocation Fortune-telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Ornithomancy Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Vehicles Argo Pegasus Phaeacian ships Pyrois Ship of Theseus
Symbols	Arkalochori Axe Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena
Containers / cups / vases	Amphora Calathus Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalpis Kantharos Kernos Kylix Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Urn
Musical Instruments	Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum (Castanets) Epigonion Kollops Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ
Events	Festivals / feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Leucophryna Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Heraean Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games
Religion	Antecedents Minoan religion Mycenaean religion List of Mycenaean deities Paleo-Balkan mythology Classical forms Classical polytheism Orphism Hellenistic religion Greco-Buddhism Hellenistic Judaism Monotheism Eastern Christianity Gnosticism God-fearers Hypsistarians Atheism Mystery religions and sacred mysteries Arcadian Mysteries Delos Mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Samothracian Mysteries Quasi-religious schools of philosophy Cynicism Cyrenaicism Epicureanism Eretrian school Ionian school Atomism Ephesian school Milesian school Italian school Eleaticism Pythagoreanism Neopythagoreanism Megarian school Peripatetic school Platonism Academic skepticism Middle Platonism Neoplatonism Pluralist school Pyrrhonism Sophism Stoicism Modern offshoots Discordianism Feraferia Gaianism Hellenism
Modern treatments	...in Western art and literature ...in popular culture

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Categories:

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